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Introduction to instrumentation system

1. Definition and Purpose of Instrumentation

1.1. Basic Elements of an Instrumentation System

An instrumentation system typically consists of the following key elements:

  1. Sensor / Transducer

    • Detects a physical quantity (e.g., temperature, pressure) and converts it into a measurable electrical signal.

    • Example: Thermocouple, strain gauge

  2. Signal Conditioner

    • Processes the signal from the sensor by amplifying, filtering, or converting it to a suitable form for display or control.

    • Example: Amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters

  3. Display / Output Device

    • Presents the measured value in a readable format or transmits it to a control system.

    • Example: Digital display, recorder, control panel

  4. Control System (optional in closed-loop systems)

    • Compares measured values with desired values and takes action to maintain system stability.

    • Example: PID controller